answer questions about life in the Arctic so you can write an essay. Although PT regularly picked up and held the rope only after her partner was released (she did this in 95% of trials on the last 2 d of delayed release testing), thus suggesting her recognition that the partner at least caused the tension, all other elephants regularly held the rope—without pulling—until the partner arrived. As would be predicted based on their previous training, elephants performed at a high success rate on the first day of testing in trained interval lengths, and improved significantly by day 3 (94–100%; t = −1.96, df = 9, *P = 0.041, paired-samples t test, one-tailed). The lanes did not seem to compromise the elephant's ability to learn the experimental task contingencies. We do not capture any email address. 3B and Movie S4]. 46 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<99D0D86183D33C4E82CEABE5E0701BB7>]/Index[18 48]/Info 17 0 R/Length 126/Prev 139790/Root 19 0 R/Size 66/Type/XRef/W[1 3 1]>>stream The first-released elephant's rope pulling rate in each time interval was calculated to determine whether success was due to their ability to wait for their partners before pulling. "For many species, cooperation probably doesn't require much cognition at all, as much of the behavior is 'pre-programmed.'". Ethological observations suggest that nonhuman primates have some understanding of how cooperation works (1, 2), but experimental research has produced mixed results. Their behavior would have then been independent of partner presence, because it would have been based solely on whether they could physically see if the partner's rope was available upon approach. All data were coded from two video cameras. h�b```f``Jg`e``�� Ā B,@Q�,�� �um�~*+Ȼ��I������>J2Q�00vtt40tt00h Yp]@��,�oi9 ����ϰGt The authors declare no conflict of interest. The pairs were tested sequentially under the following three primary conditions: A multiview diagram of the elephant cooperation apparatus. Even so, in control trials, in which the partner's rope was out of reach, four elephants retreated (i.e., returned to the starting point without prompting and thus before being recalled by their mahout) either before or soon after (<15 s) their partners did in more trials than would be expected if these elephants were merely waiting for tension in the rope [observed values were PT: 100% of trials soon after, WL: 50% soon after, UP: 20% before and 30% soon after, and PP: 30% before and 60% soon after (see Table S3 for data)]. This camera's view was monitored on the ground via closed-circuit television. All training and work is humane and under the supervision of experts, including two of the authors (R.L. In addition, silent, waiting behavior is relatively common in wild elephants (51) and occurs most often when elephants are waiting for family members to arrive or “catch-up,” so the elephants’ behavior in our task fits natural behavior. See also Table S1. It is important to note here that the ability of the elephants to learn the task contingencies as well as the role of their partners neither implies nor requires that they understood how the rope and the apparatus itself worked. ), the Living Links Center of the Yerkes National Primate Research Center (F.B.M.d.W. Elephants are widely assumed to be among the most cognitively advanced animals, even though systematic evidence is lacking. 65 0 obj <>stream PARRC Article. and W.S.). Shows and movies you'll want to stream soon. %%EOF The elephants quickly learned to coordinate their efforts. 1). Because of constraints at the elephant facility, we could only work with one pair at a time for 3 wk. This paradigm explores the cognition underlying coordination toward a shared goal. Passage 1: “Elephants Can Lend a Helping Trunk” by Virginia Morell;Passage 2: from “Elephants Know When TheyNeed a Helping Trunk in a Cooperative Task” by Joshua M. Plotnik; Passage 3: “Elephants Console Each Other” by Virginia Morell 9 VH192016_AT Item Type: PCR Any trials where there was either no interval 1 or 2 were excluded from statistical analyses—regardless of whether they were successful—because they precluded an unbiased comparison of pulling rates within the given trial. In just one week late last month, 61,000 new cases were reported in children – a record weekly rise in cases. As far as the TECC records indicate, none of the 12 elephants were related to one another. Although open conflict is relatively common in chimpanzee groups (2), it is relatively rare among elephants (24–27), suggesting greater tolerance within the latter's social relationships. In “Elephants Can Lend a Helping Trunk,” the author's main purpose is to show readers that elephants have high levels of social cognition and "impressive cognitive abilities." SS's P value in the pull vs. no-pull sign test analysis is calculated from a binomial distribution (and lacks a sign test z value) because of a small number (n < 35) of trials in which SS either pulled in interval 1 or 2 but not both (53). Last week, on the first day of early voting, correspondent Faith Salie accompanied the 104-year-old to the polls, and her social media posts helped make Rosner a viral star. The ability to recognize that you sometimes need a little help from your friends is a sign of higher social cognition, … Twelve elephants first learned to pull a single rope attached to the center of an out-of-reach sliding table with a food bowl attached at each end. Here, we show that elephants can learn to coordinate with a partner in a task requiring two individuals to simultaneously pull two ends of the same rope to obtain a reward. Terms in this set (8) ... cooperators. Scott Pelley speaks with voters there to understand how they feel about the race between Biden and Trump. That’s the conclusion of a new study that tested the cooperative skills of Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) in Thailand and showed that the pachyderms understand that they will fail at a task without a partner’s assistance. Passage 1: “Elephants Can Lend a Helping Trunk” by Virginia Morell;Passage 2: from “Elephants Know When TheyNeed a Helping Trunk in a Cooperative Task” by Joshua M. Plotnik; Passage 3: “Elephants Console Each Other” by Virginia Morell 9 VH192016 Item Type: PCR Refer to Grade 8 Scoring Rubric RST1; RST6; RST9; W2;W4‐10. A heat wave helped fuel a ferocious spate of fires, costing people their homes and so much more.
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