Other resources about American Indian language, history, culture and society in Colombia: Colombia Languages: Online resources on several indigenous Colombian languages. [5] According to his evidence based on rock shelters, Colombia's first human inhabitants were probably concentrated along the Caribbean coast and on the Andean highland slopes. It has been shown that the recognition of equality is not enough; indigenous peoples have also demanded their right to difference, that is, access to particular rights as indigenous communities. Poverty is another central aspect in order to understand the contemporary situation of the indigenes of Colombia, which has been measured making use of the Unsatisfied Basic Needs (UBN), considering people poor who have insufficiencies in living, services and education. The indigenous people who worked on the plantations were dying in large numbers due to harsh working conditions. Their society was based on an economy featuring agriculture, crafts and trade. The Romani people trace their ancestry to Northern India, from where they fled persecution and racial discrimination. The Mestizo primarily inhabited the Andean highlands, where they were involved in agriculture, but began moving into the urban areas from the 1940s onward. Five colombian heritage sites you can’t miss, Stay connected and receive our latest publications. [5] For example, it allowed for creation of a special commission to design a law recognizing the black communities occupying unsettled lands in the riverine areas of the Pacific Coast. Colombia boasts an ethnic diversity of around 85 different ethnic groups. Other indigenous groups, such as the Quimbayas, the Muiscas and the Kalima, also known as Caribs, once numbered some 2 million, but have largely disappeared. [4], Some theories claim the earliest human habitation of South America to be as early as 43,000 BC, although present archaeological understanding places this around 15,000 BC at the earliest. Known as pueblos indígenas in Spanish, they comprise 4.4% of the country's population and belong to 87 different tribes. Before Spanish occupation of Colombia, different tribes of the Amerindians resided in the region. Increasing organization and agitation have sharply broadened the indigenous land base over the past forty years. Evidence points to the Mestizos, who are the majority ethnic group, having higher living standards than those of other numerous ethnic groups in Colombia. Until today the Colombian government has recognized the indigenous groups only as communities, meaning that they are considered to be culturally diverse and therefore require a different political treatment to be able to integrate them in national society. [5] Article 356 refers somewhat vaguely to both "indigenous territorial entities" and indigenous resguardos. Known as pueblos indígenas in Spanish, they comprise 4.4% of the country's population and belong to 87 different tribes.. Anthropologist Tom Dillehay dates the earliest hunter-gatherer cultures on the continent at almost 10,000 BC, during the late Pleistocene and early Holocene periods. These ethnic groups are made up of the ancestors of indigenous peoples who inhabited Colombia before Spanish colonization. Ciudad Perdida is a major settlement believed to have been founded around 800 CE. A lowland Zenú cast-gold bird ornament that served as a staff head, dated 490 CE. With some 87 ethnic groups and 65 different languages, Colombia is the second most ethnically diverse country in the Americas, after Brazil. The interactions between the indigenous community with the advancing Spanish conquerors gave rise to the Mestizo population. These tribes were remarkable potters and goldsmiths, as witnessed through numerous archaeological treasures from this period. [5] During the colonial period, Roman Catholic missions were granted jurisdiction over the lowland tribes. [5], Individual indigenous groups have a variety of governance structures. Other ethnic groups account for a collective 1.9% share of Colombia’s population. The region has been inhabited for at least 10,000 years, and local indigenous cultures have developed ways of living in harmony with the rainforest. ETIs are to be defined by the government in conformance with the Organic Law on Land Management. It consists of a series of 169 terraces carved into the mountainside, a net of tiled roads and several small circular plazas. Facts show differences between zones: those of greater influence of poverty measured with the UBN standard are Chocó, Sucre, Boyacá, Nariño and Córdoba, with numbers that exceed the 50% of the population and those of less influence are found in Bogotá and the departments of El Valle, Atlántico and the cafetero-core: Caldas, Quindío and Risaralda. Most Colombians identify with the various ethnicities on the basis of skin color, ancestry or social status. The indigenous communities were considered to be marginal sectors in disadvantage, a highly retarded population which had to be incorporated and integrated in greater society. According to the National Indigenous Organization of Colombia (ONIC), there are 102 indigenous groups in Colombia. [7], The 1991 National Constitution of Colombia defined Territorial Entities (Entidades Territoriales) as departments, districts, municipalities and indigenous territories. Tensions between ethnic groups continue to increase in the multi-ethnic country. [5] The Muisca lived mainly in the present departments of Cundinamarca and Boyacá, where they had fled centuries earlier after raids by the warlike Caribs, some of whom eventually migrated to Caribbean islands near the end of the first millennium A.D.[5] The Taironas, who were divided into two subgroups, lived in the Caribbean lowlands and the highlands of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta. Tukanos during a traditional dance Nukak Maku The Nukak Maku tribe got in contact with other people in the 1980s in San José del Guaviare for the first time. While European colonization beginning in the 16th century destroyed a lot of Colombia’s indigenous culture, many groups survived and continue to thrive today.
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