[86] Similarly, Lancelot and his cuckolding of Arthur with Guinevere became one of the classic motifs of the Arthurian legend, although the Lancelot of the prose Lancelot (c. 1225) and later texts was a combination of Chrétien's character and that of Ulrich von Zatzikhoven's Lanzelet. Christopher Bruce. [79] Nonetheless, as Norris J. Family Tree of King Arthur (Sir Thomas Malory’s version), Home | Arthurian Legends | Camelot | Age of Chivalry | Songs of Deeds. As Taylor and Brewer have noted, this return to the medieval "chronicle tradition" of Geoffrey of Monmouth and the Historia Brittonum is a recent trend which became dominant in Arthurian literature in the years following the outbreak of the Second World War, when Arthur's legendary resistance to Germanic enemies struck a chord in Britain.
Even in these, however, Arthur's court has started to embody legendary Britain as a whole, with "Arthur's Court" sometimes substituted for "The Island of Britain" in the formula "Three XXX of the Island of Britain". Bradley's tale, for example, takes a feminist approach to Arthur and his legend, in contrast to the narratives of Arthur found in medieval materials,[116] and American authors often rework the story of Arthur to be more consistent with values such as equality and democracy. [58][59] Also important are the references to Arthur in William of Malmesbury's De Gestis Regum Anglorum and Herman's De Miraculis Sanctae Mariae Laudensis, which together provide the first certain evidence for a belief that Arthur was not actually dead and would at some point return, a theme that is often revisited in post-Galfridian folklore. [121], Retellings and reimaginings of the romance tradition are not the only important aspect of the modern legend of King Arthur.
Arthur and his warriors, including Kaius (Kay), Beduerus (Bedivere) and Gualguanus (Gawain), defeat the Roman emperor Lucius Tiberius in Gaul but, as he prepares to march on Rome, Arthur hears that his nephew Modredus (Mordred)—whom he had left in charge of Britain—has married his wife Guenhuuara (Guinevere) and seized the throne. Notably, a Brittonic compound name *Arto-uiros should produce Old Welsh *Artgur (where u represents the short vowel /u/) and Middle/Modern Welsh *Arthwr, rather than Arthur (where u is a long vowel /ʉː/). Here, Morgan le Fay is Arthur’s full sister. The later manuscripts of the Triads are partly derivative from Geoffrey of Monmouth and later continental traditions, but the earliest ones show no such influence and are usually agreed to refer to pre-existing Welsh traditions. There a related family tree of Arthur in the Welsh legend in House of Arthur and Culhwch. In the view of historian Thomas Charles-Edwards, "at this stage of the enquiry, one can only say that there may well have been an historical Arthur [but ...] the historian can as yet say nothing of value about him". Arthurian names are, of course, based on the Arthurian legend, which centers mostly around King Arthur. [91] As such, Arthur became even more of a relatively minor character in these French prose romances; in the Vulgate itself he only figures significantly in the Estoire de Merlin and the Mort Artu. [25] However, no convincing evidence for these identifications has emerged. They cite parallels with figures such as the Kentish Hengist and Horsa, who may be totemic horse-gods that later became historicised. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. The third was wife of Urien and mother of Yvain; her name, Brimesent, which doesn’t appeared until chapter 19. Since, Vortigern and Hengist played important roles, before Arthur’s time, I had constructed a family tree for the two protagonists. The story as a whole tells of Arthur helping his kinsman Culhwch win the hand of Olwen, daughter of Ysbaddaden Chief-Giant, by completing a series of apparently impossible tasks, including the hunt for the great semi-divine boar Twrch Trwyth. The writer of the Vulgate cycle turned this into prose, adding a pseudo-historical narrative dealing with Arthur’s military exploits. [12] Arthur is not mentioned in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle or named in any surviving manuscript written between 400 and 820. [62], How much of this narrative was Geoffrey's own invention is open to debate. Some of these are human threats, such as the Saxons he fights in the Historia Brittonum, but the majority are supernatural, including giant cat-monsters, destructive divine boars, dragons, dogheads, giants, and witches.
An early prose romance centring on Lancelot seems to have become the kernel of a cyclic work known as the Prose Lancelot, or Vulgate cycle (c. 1225). [35], Another commonly proposed derivation of Arthur from Welsh arth "bear" + (g)wr "man" (earlier *Arto-uiros in Brittonic) is not accepted by modern scholars for phonological and orthographic reasons. On the one hand, he launches assaults on Otherworldly fortresses in search of treasure and frees their prisoners. Attempts to portray Arthur as a genuine historical figure of c. 500, stripping away the "romance", have also emerged. In the 20th century an American poet, Edwin Arlington Robinson, wrote an Arthurian trilogy, and the American novelist Thomas Berger wrote Arthur Rex (1978). Submitted names are contributed by users of this website. [34] Some scholars have suggested it is relevant to this debate that the legendary King Arthur's name only appears as Arthur or Arturus in early Latin Arthurian texts, never as Artōrius (though Classical Latin Artōrius became Arturius in some Vulgar Latin dialects). Many elements and incidents that are now an integral part of the Arthurian story appear in Geoffrey's Historia, including Arthur's father Uther Pendragon, the magician Merlin, Arthur's wife Guinevere, the sword Excalibur, Arthur's conception at Tintagel, his final battle against Mordred at Camlann, and final rest in Avalon. Bourgès, André-Yves, "Guillaume le Breton et l'hagiographie bretonne aux XIIe et XIIIe siècles", in: Annales de Bretagne et des pays de l'Ouest, 1995, 102–1, pp. [109] Although the 'Arthur of romance' was sometimes central to these new Arthurian works (as he was in Burne-Jones's "The Sleep of Arthur in Avalon", 1881–1898), on other occasions he reverted to his medieval status and is either marginalised or even missing entirely, with Wagner's Arthurian operas providing a notable instance of the latter. One school of thought, citing entries in the Historia Brittonum (History of the Britons) and Annales Cambriae (Welsh Annals), saw Arthur as a genuine historical figure, a Romano-British leader who fought against the invading Anglo-Saxons some time in the late 5th to early 6th century.
The genealogy of King Arthur and his family has changed from one generation to another, during the medieval period. The Arthurian legend features many characters, including the Knights of the Round Table and members of King Arthur's family. Lacy has observed, whatever his faults and frailties may be in these Arthurian romances, "his prestige is never—or almost never—compromised by his personal weaknesses ... his authority and glory remain intact. [104] Tennyson's works prompted a large number of imitators, generated considerable public interest in the legends of Arthur and the character himself, and brought Malory's tales to a wider audience. The eldest (Morgause) was married to Lot and mother of 5 sons. Chretien de Troyes was more interested in the adventure of the individual hero, where Arthur played only minor role, and there was no last battle, therefore, there was no Mordred. [93], The development of the medieval Arthurian cycle and the character of the "Arthur of romance" culminated in Le Morte d'Arthur, Thomas Malory's retelling of the entire legend in a single work in English in the late 15th century. [9] These modern admissions of ignorance are a relatively recent trend; earlier generations of historians were less sceptical. The Annales date this battle to 516–518, and also mention the Battle of Camlann, in which Arthur and Medraut (Mordred) were both killed, dated to 537–539.
House of Vortigern and the Saxon House of Hengist, Family Tree of King Arthur (Chretien de Troyes’ version). CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (, Learn how and when to remove this template message, The Ecclesiastical History of the English People, List of characters named Ywain in Arthurian legend, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Arthurian_characters&oldid=969399466, Articles needing additional references from May 2018, All articles needing additional references, Articles containing Italian-language text, Articles containing Cornish-language text, Articles containing Portuguese-language text, Articles containing Spanish-language text, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Sir Balin le Savage, Knight with Two Swords, First Named in "King Arthur Meets Lady Guinevere" Howard Pyle, Unknown Family, One of the original 32 Knights of the Round Table, Knight who wears his murdered father's coat, brother of Dinadan and Daniel, Rebelled against Arthur when he first became king, but later supported him, sometimes two characters—Caradoc the Elder (a king) and Caradoc the Younger (a knight), A Frankish King antagonistic to Arthur, has two sons, Dorin and, Based on the historical figure Constantine, Arthur's grandfather, father to Uther Pendragon, Constans, and Ambrosius Aurelianus, Arthur's cousin and successor to his throne, Cador's son, A Knight of the Round Table found in an early German offshoot of Arthurian legend, One of Three Sons of King Pellinore, one of the original 32 Knights of the Round Table, Raises Arthur according to Merlin's command, father to, Edern, son of Nudd, Yder, Yver, Isdernus, Knight of the Sparrowhawk, Elaine the White, Elaine the Fair, The Lady of Shalott, Daughter of Bernard of Astolat, classic Arthurian figure of, Wife of King Ban and mother to Lancelot, Evaine's sister, Daughter of Gorlois and Igraine, sister to, Niece of the Lord of the Fens and wife of Persides the Red of the Castle of Gazevilte, Son of Sir Bors and Claire, King Brandegoris' daughter, helps Lancelot rescue Guinevere and goes into exile with him, Son of King of Umberland, and brother unto Enchantress Vivien, one of the original 32 Knights of the Round Table, Unclear; first literary appearance as Erec in, Son of King Lac and a Knight of the Round Table.
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